---
title: '<a href="#landing-page" style="color: white">The Missing Majority Dashboard</a>'
author: '<a href="https://remi-theriault.com" style="color: white">Rémi Thériault</a>'
output:
  flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
    orientation: rows
    vertical_layout: fill
    social: menu
    source_code: embed
    # theme: lumen
    storyboard: false
    favicon: logo.ico
    css: style.css
---

<script>
   document.querySelector(".navbar-header").innerHTML =
            "<a href=\"#about\" class=\"navbar-brand navbar-inverse\">The Missing Majority Dashboard</a>";
</script> 

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
query_pubmed <- FALSE
```

```{r packages}
# Load packages
library(pubmedDashboard)
library(dplyr)
library(ggflags)

```

```{r API_TOKEN_PUBMED, eval=query_pubmed, include=FALSE}
if(Sys.info()["sysname"] == "Windows") {
  API_TOKEN_PUBMED <- keyring::key_get("pubmed", "rempsyc")  
}

check_pubmed_api_token(API_TOKEN_PUBMED)

```

```{r save_process_pubmed_batch, results='hide', eval=query_pubmed}
# We got a little problem with PLOS One, Science, and Nature,
# So we exclude them for now
save_process_pubmed_batch(
  journal = journal_field$journal_short[-23],
  # journal = tail(journal_field$journal, -3),
  year_low = 2023,
  year_high = 2030,
  api_key = API_TOKEN_PUBMED)

```

# About {.hidden}

## Row 1 {data-height=500}

### {data-width=1160}

[The Global South continues to be underrepresented in psychological research]{.big_center}

### First authors in psychology and behavioural science from...

<!-- #### First authors in psychology and behavioural science from... -->

```{r}
rate <- 1
flexdashboard::gauge(
  rate, 
  min = 0, 
  max = 100, 
  symbol = '%', 
  flexdashboard::gaugeSectors(
    danger = c(0, 40), 
    warning = c(40, 79), 
    success = c(80, 100)),
  abbreviateDecimals = 1, 
  href = "#continent",
  label = "Latin America & Africa"
)
```

<!-- #### From Latin America and Africa -->

```{r, eval=T}
rate <- 56
flexdashboard::gauge(
  rate, 
  min = 0, 
  max = 100, 
  symbol = '%', 
  flexdashboard::gaugeSectors(
    success = c(0, 40), 
    warning = c(40, 79), 
    danger = c(80, 100)),
  abbreviateDecimals = 1, 
  href = "#continent",
  label = "USA"
)
```

<!-- #### From the US -->

```{r, eval=T}
rate <- 87
flexdashboard::gauge(
  rate, 
  min = 0, 
  max = 100, 
  symbol = '%', 
  flexdashboard::gaugeSectors(
    danger = c(0, 40), 
    warning = c(40, 79), 
    success = c(80, 100)),
  abbreviateDecimals = 1, 
  href = "#continent",
  label = "North America & Europe"
)
```

<!-- #### From North America and Europe -->

## Row 2

### Representativity of First Authors in Psychology

A large proportion of first authors in psychology and behavioural science are located in North America or Europe, mostly in the US ([Thalmayer et al., 2021](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/amp0000622), [Arnett, 2008](https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.63.7.602)). Thus, most of the world, and especially Africa and Latin America, are underrepresented, which could affect the validity and generalizability of psychological research. This dashboard presents some aggregated data by continent, country, year, and journal (for first authors only), to better document this trend over time and, possibly, inform future public policy on the matter.

If this matters to you, please [reach out](https://www.busara.global/partner-with-us/).

---

**How to cite this dashboard?**

Thériault, R., & Forscher, P. (2024). *The Missing Majority Dashboard*. https://remi-theriault.com/dashboards/busara

### Choice of Journals

The data from this report originally included information about publications from six psychology journals (*Developmental Psychology*, *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, *Journal of Abnormal Psychology*, *Journal of Family Psychology*, *Health Psychology*, and *Journal of Educational Psychology*), for years 1980 to 2023.

These journals were initially selected based on Arnett and colleagues' papers. The dashboard now includes many more psychology and behavioural science journals, which were selected through brainstorming from a group of experts. You can see the full list of journals on the [Methods] tab. If you think a journal should be there and it's not, please open a [Github issue](https://github.com/rempsyc/busara_dashboard/issues/) and we'll add it.

---

*This dashboard was created with the `pubmedDashboard` package in R: https://rempsyc.github.io/pubmedDashboard/.*

### About the Authors

**[Rémi Thériault](https://remi-theriault.com/)** is currently a PhD candidate in Psychology at the Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada. Overall, Rémi is passionate about putting social-psychological research to use to increase people’s well-being and intrinsic motivation to help one another. He also has a (tiny bit obsessive) passion for programming with R.

**[Patrick Forscher](https://busaracenter.org/patrick-s-forscher/)** is the primary collaborator on this project. He is currently the Research Lead at the Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, in Kenya, where he also leads the Culture, Research Ethics, and MEthods (CREME) project as director of the Meta-Research Team. The dashboard was Patrick's original vision, and frequently benefits from his creative input.

**[Busara](https://www.busara.global/)** is the dashboard's sponsor. Busara works with researchers and organizations to advance and apply behavioral science in pursuit of poverty alleviation. They use behavioral science to design solutions for partner organisations that are working to make lives better in the Global South.

# Methods

### METHOD & DATA

The dashboard includes information about the articles (e.g., title, abstract) as well as on the authors, such as university of affiliation. I have obtained these data from PubMed using the PubMed API through the `easyPubMed` package. I have determined the country of the first author of each paper based on the affiliation address by matching the university name with a world university names database obtained from GitHub.

The full current list of journals can be obtained through `pubmedDashboard::journal_field$journal_short[-23]`:

```{r}
options(scipen=999)
pubmedDashboard::journal_field$journal_short[-23]
divided <- 10000
```

Note that PLOS One [the "23"] was excluded because its number of papers is too large to handle for this dashboard.

### LIMITATIONS & NEXT STEPS

1/`r divided`

This dashboard should be considered with the following limitations in mind:

#### **1. The dashboard data are not per capita (yet)**

This could bias our estimations since we do not look at relative ratios.

#### **2. The way in which we define which journals represent psychology as a whole may be problematic**

Authors from non-English-speaking countries (including in the Global South, and especially Latin America) are more likely to publish in languages other than English (like Spanish or French journals), which are less well-known. Saying that only English-speaking journals truly represent "Psychology" as a whole is somewhat problematic. Would that mean that all the Spanish and French Psychology journals do not they represent psychology as well, even though English monolinguals cannot read them?

#### **3. The dashboard has lots of missing data, which is probably not random**

Universities from the Global South and non-English speaking countries are less likely to be correctly detected, for example because of special characters in names or less well-known universities not included in our database. As a result, the country for these publications is more likely to be marked as missing and therefore not be included in the dashboard. This can further under-represent the Global South in our data.

More specifically, some of the papers were missing address information; in many cases, the PubMed API provided only the department and no university. It was not possible to identify the country in these cases (one would need to look at the actual papers one by one to make manual corrections). Furthermore, some university names from the data did not match the university name database obtained from GitHub. In some cases, I have brought manual corrections to university names in an attempt to reduce the number of missing values. A table of data with missing countries is accessible at the [Missing Data] tab.

#### **Next Steps**

Possible future steps include: (a) obtaining a better, more current university name database (that includes country of university), (b) making manual corrections for other research institutes not included in the university database, (c) host DT tables on a server to speed up the website and allow the inclusion of a DT table for exploring the raw data, (d) find a way to use country flags for the countries-by-journal figure, and (e) use per-capita data to make it more representative.

# Instructions

How to Use This Dashboard

> \* Percentages are calculated after excluding missing values. The *Missing* column shows the real percentage of missing values.

# Continent {data-navmenu="Continent"}

## Column 1 {data-width=2150} {.tabset .tabset-fade}

### Waffle plot of journal paper percentages, by continent (each square = 1% of data) {data-height=600}

### Table of journal paper percentages, by continent {data-height=200}